Bigfoot, also known as Sasquatch, is purportedly an ape-like creature that inhabits forests, mainly
in the Pacific
Northwest region of North America. Bigfoot is usually described as a
large, hairy, bipedal humanoid.
Most scientists discount the existence of Bigfoot and consider it to be a
combination of folklore,
misidentification, and hoax, rather than a
legitimate megafaunal animal, in
part because of the improbably large numbers necessary to maintain a breeding
population, and
because climate and food supply issues would make such purported creatures'
survival in reported habitats unlikely. Nevertheless, Bigfoot is one of the more
famous examples of a cryptid within cryptozoology and an enduring legend. A small minority of accredited scientists
profess the view that evidence collected of alleged Bigfoot encounters warrants
further evaluation and testing Bigfoot is described in reports as a large hairy ape-like creature, ranging
between 6–10 feet (2–3 m) tall, weighing in excess of 500 pounds (230 kg), and
covered in dark brown or dark reddish hair. Alleged
witnesses have described large eyes, a pronounced brow ridge, and a large, low-set forehead;
the top of the head has been described as rounded and crested, similar to the sagittal crest of the
male gorilla. Bigfoot is commonly
reported to have a strong, unpleasant smell by those who claim to have
encountered it. The enormous
footprints for which it is named have been as large as 24 inches (60 cm) long
and 8 inches (20 cm) wide. While
most casts have five toes—like all known apes—some casts of alleged Bigfoot
tracks have had numbers ranging from two to six. Some have
also contained claw marks, making it likely that a portion came from known
animals such as bears, which have five toes and claws. Proponents have
also claimed that Bigfoot is omnivorous and mainly nocturnal.HISTORY
Wildmen stories are found among the indigenous
population of the Pacific Northwest. The legends existed prior to a single
name for the creature.They
differed in their details both regionally and between families in the same
community. Similar stories of wildmen are found on every continent except
Antarctica. Ecologist Robert Michael Pyle argues that most cultures have human-like giants
in their folk history: "We have this need for some larger-than-life
creature."
Members of the Lummi tell tales about
Ts'emekwes, the local version of Bigfoot. The stories are similar to each
other in terms of the general descriptions of Ts'emekwes, but details
about the creature's diet and activities differed between the stories of
different families.
Some regional versions contained more nefarious creatures. The stiyaha
or kwi-kwiyai were a nocturnal race that children were told not to say
the names of lest the monsters hear and come to carry off a person—sometimes to
be killed. In 1847,
Paul Kane reported stories by the native people about skoocooms: a race
of cannibalistic wild men living on the peak of Mount St. Helens. The
skoocooms appear to have been regarded as supernatural, rather than
natural.
Less menacing versions such as the one recorded by Reverend Elkanah Walker
exist. In 1840, Walker, a Protestant missionary, recorded stories of giants
among the Native Americans living in Spokane, Washington. The Indians claimed
that these giants lived on and around the peaks of nearby mountains and stole
salmon from the fishermen's nets.
The local legends were combined together by J. W. Burns in a series of
Canadian newspaper articles in the 1920s. Each language had its own name for the
local version. Many names meant
something along the lines of "wild man" or "hairy man" although other names
described common actions it was said to perform (e.g. eating clams). Burns coined
the term Sasquatch, which is from the Halkomelem sásq’ets
(IPA: [ˈsæsqʼəts]),
and used it in his
articles to describe a hypothetical single type of creature reflected in these
various stories. Burns's articles
popularized both the legend and its new name, making it well known in western Canada before it gained popularity in the
United States.
In 1951, Eric Shipton had photographed what he described as a Yeti footprint.
This
photograph generated considerable attention and the story of the Yeti entered
into popular consciousness. The notoriety of ape-men grew over the decade,
culminating in 1958 when large footprints were found in Del Norte County, California, by
bulldozer operator Gerald Crew. Sets of large tracks appeared multiple times
around a road-construction site in Bluff Creek. After not being taken seriously
about what he was seeing, Crew brought in his friend, Bob Titmus, to cast the
prints in plaster. The story was published in the Humboldt Times along with a photo of Crew
holding one of the casts. Locals
had been calling the unseen track-maker "Big Foot" since the late summer, which
Genzoli shortened to "Bigfoot" in his article. Bigfoot gained international attention when the story was picked up by the Associated Press.
Following the
death of Ray
Wallace – a local logger – his family attributed the creation of the
footprints to him. The wife of
Scoop Beal, the editor of the Humboldt Standard, which later combined
with the Humboldt Times, in which Genzoli's story had appeared,
has stated that
her husband was in on the hoax with Wallace.
The year 1958 was a watershed for not just the Bigfoot story itself but also
the culture that surrounds it. The first Bigfoot hunters began following the
discovery of footprints at Bluff Creek. Within a year, Tom Slick, who had funded
searches for Yeti in the Himalayas earlier in the decade, organized searches for
Bigfoot in the area around Bluff Creek.
As Bigfoot has become better known and a phenomenon in popular culture,
sightings have spread throughout North America. In addition to the Pacific
Northwest, the Great Lakes region and the
Southeastern United States have had
many reports of Bigfoot sightings.
SIGHTINGS
About a third of all Bigfoot sightings are concentrated in the Pacific
Northwest, with most of the remaining sightings spread throughout the rest of
North America. Some
Bigfoot advocates, such as cryptozoologist John Willison Green, have postulated that
Bigfoot is a worldwide phenomenon. The most notable
sightings include:
- 1924: Fred Beck claimed that he and four other miners were attacked
one night in July 1924, by several "apemen" throwing rocks at their cabin in an
area later called Ape Canyon,
Washington.
Beck claimed the miners shot and possibly killed at least one of the creatures,
precipitating an attack on their cabin, during which the creatures bombarded the
cabin with rocks and tried to break-in. The incident was widely reported at the
time. Beck wrote a book
about the event in 1967, in which he argued that the alleged creatures were
mystical beings from another dimension, claiming that he had experienced psychic
premonitions and visions his entire life of which the apemen were only one
component. Speleologist
William Halliday argued in 1983 that the story arose from an incident in which
hikers from a nearby camp had thrown rocks into the canyon.There are also local rumors that pranksters harassed the men and planted faked
footprints.
- 1941: Jeannie Chapman and her children claimed to have escaped their
home when a large Sasquatch, allegedly 7.5 feet (2.3 m) tall, approached their
residence in Ruby Creek, British Columbia.
- 1958: Bulldozer operator Jerry Crew took to a newspaper office a cast
of one of the enormous footprints he and other workers had been seeing at an
isolated work site at Bluff Creek, California. The crew was overseen by Wilbur
L. Wallace, brother of Raymond L. Wallace. After Ray Wallace's
death, his children came forward with a pair of 16-inch (41 cm) wooden feet,
which they claimed their father had used to fake the Bigfoot tracks in 1958.
Wallace
is poorly regarded by many Bigfoot proponents. John Napier wrote, "I do not feel
impressed with Mr. Wallace's story" regarding having over 15,000 feet (4,600 m)
of film showing Bigfoot.
- 1967: Roger Patterson and Robert Gimlin reported that on October 20
they had captured a purported Sasquatch on film at Bluff Creek, California. This
came to be known as the Patterson-Gimlin film, which is purported
to be the best evidence of Bigfoot by many advocates. Many years
later, Bob Heironimus, an acquaintance of Patterson's, claimed that he had worn
an ape costume for the making of the film.
- 2007: On September 16, 2007, hunter Rick Jacobs captured an image of
a possible sasquatch using an automatically triggered camera attached to a
tree. A spokesperson for
the Pennsylvania Game Commission
challenged the Bigfoot explanation, saying that it looked like "a bear with a
severe case of mange." In 2008 scientists
worked out the size of the Jacobs creature in an article written by Vanessa Woods, which showed
that the proportions of the creature were not similar to a bear's.The sighting
happened near the town of Ridgway, Pennsylvania, in the Allegheny National Forest.
EXPLANATIONS
Various types of creatures have been suggested to explain both the sightings
and what type of creature Bigfoot would be if it existed. The scientific
community typically attributes sightings to either hoaxes or misidentification
of known animals and their tracks. While cryptozoologists generally explain
Bigfoot as an unknown ape, some believers in Bigfoot attribute the phenomenon to
UFOs or other paranormal causes. A minority of
proponents of a natural explanation have attributed Bigfoot to animals that are
not apes such as the giant ground
sloth.
The reported size of Bigfoot approximates that of a bear standing on its hind legs, and bears have a high
prevalence in regions said to be inhabited by Bigfoot; as such, they are likely
candidates to explain some sightings. A recent example comes from a series of
pictures taken in 2007, claimed by The Bigfoot Field
Researchers Organization to show a juvenile Bigfoot, which the Pennsylvania Game Commission has
said show a bear with mange.[45] Conversely, some
question if the Pennsylvania Game Commission have
misidentified the image. Jeffrey Meldrum said the limb proportions of
the suspected juvenile in question were not bear-like, stating he felt they were
"more like a human." Furthermore the
broadcast organization MSNBC reported that
the hunter’s photo has revived the lively Bigfoot debate.
Bauman's "goblin-story", retold in Theodore Roosevelt's 1892 book The
Wilderness Hunter (reprinted in his 1900 book Hunting the Grisly and
Other Sketches), describing an encounter between two hunters and a violent
"goblin-beast" is sometimes presented by Bigfoot proponents as historical
evidence of the creature's existence; although Roosevelt suggested that Bauman
may have been elaborating on a horrific encounter with a more mundane wild
beast.
Both bigfoot researchers and critics agree that many of the sightings are
hoaxes or misidentified animals. Cryptozoologists Loren Coleman and Diane Stocking have estimated
that as many as 70 to 80 percent of sightings are not real.
Bigfoot sightings or footprints are often demonstrably hoaxes. Author Jerome
Clark argues that the "Jacko affair", involving an 1884 newspaper report of an
apelike creature captured in British Columbia, was a hoax. Citing research by
John Green, who found that several contemporary British Columbia newspapers
regarded the alleged capture as very dubious, Clark notes that the Mainland
Guardian of New Westminster, British
Columbia, wrote, "Absurdity is written on the face of it."
On July 14, 2005, Tom
Biscardi, a long-time Bigfoot enthusiast and CEO of Searching for Bigfoot
Inc., appeared on the Coast to Coast AM paranormal radio show and
announced that he was "98% sure that his group will be able to capture a Bigfoot
which they have been tracking in the Happy Camp, California area." A
month later, Biscardi announced on the same radio show that he had access to a
captured Bigfoot and was arranging a pay-per-view event for people to see it. Biscardi
appeared on Coast to Coast AM again a few days later to announce that there was
no captive Bigfoot. Biscardi blamed an unnamed woman for misleading him, and the
show's audience for being gullible.
On July 9, 2008, Rick Dyer and Matthew Whitton posted a video to YouTube claiming that they had discovered
the body of a deceased Sasquatch in a forest in northern Georgia. Tom
Biscardi was contacted to investigate. Dyer and Whitton received $50,000 from
Searching for Bigfoot, Inc., as a good faith gesture. The story of the men's claims was covered by many major news networks, including
BBC, CNN, ABC News, and Fox
News. Soon after a press
conference, the alleged Bigfoot body arrived in a block of ice in a freezer with
the Searching for Bigfoot team. When the contents were thawed, it was discovered
that the hair was not real, the head was hollow, and the feet were rubber. Dyer and Whitton subsequently admitted it was a hoax after being confronted by
Steve Kulls, executive director of Squatchdetective.com.
Bigfoot proponents Grover
Krantz and Geoffrey Bourne believe that
Bigfoot could be a relict population of
Gigantopithecus. Bourne contends that as
most Gigantopithecus fossils are found in China, and as many species of
animals migrated across the Bering land
bridge, it is not unreasonable to assume that Gigantopithecus might
have as well.
The Gigantopithecus hypothesis is generally considered entirely
speculative. Gigantopithecus fossils are not found in the Americas. As
the only recovered fossils are of mandibles and teeth, there is some uncertainty about
Gigantopithecus's locomotion. Krantz has argued, based on his
extrapolation of the shape of its mandible, that Gigantopithecus blacki could have
been bipedal. However, the relevant part of mandible is not present in any
fossils. The mainstream
view is that Gigantopithecus was quadrupedal, and it has been argued that
Gigantopithecus's enormous mass would have made it difficult for it to
adopt a bipedal gait.
Matt Cartmill presents another problem with the Gigantopithecus
hypothesis: "The trouble with this account is that Gigantopithecus was
not a hominin and maybe not even a crown-group hominoid; yet the physical
evidence implies that Bigfoot is an upright biped with buttocks and a long,
stout, permanently adducted hallux. These are hominin autapomorphies, not found
in other mammals or other bipeds. It seems unlikely that Gigantopithecus
would have evolved these uniquely hominin traits in parallel."
Bernard G. Campbellin wrote: "That Gigantopithecus is in fact extinct
has been questioned by those who believe it survives as the Yeti of the
Himalayas and the Sasquatch of the north-west American coast. But the evidence
for these creatures is not convincing."
A species of Paranthropus, such as Paranthropus
robustus, with its crested skull and bipedal gait, was suggested by
primatologist John Napier and anthropologist
Gordon Strasenburg as a possible candidate for Bigfoot's identity, despite the fact
that fossils of Paranthropus are found only in Africa.
Michael Rugg, of the Bigfoot Discovery Museum, presented a comparison between
human, Gigantopithecus and Meganthropus skulls (reconstructions made by Grover Krantz) in episodes
131 and 132 of the Bigfoot Discovery Museum Show. He favorably compares a modern tooth suspected of coming from a bigfoot to the
Meganthropus fossil teeth, noting the worn enamel on the occlusal
surface. The Meganthropus fossils originated from Asia, the tooth was found in
the Pacific Northwest.
Some Bigfoot proponents suggest Neanderthal or Homo erectus to be the creature, but no
remains of either species are found in the New World
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